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"French Furniture Styles" 

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Styles of Furniture Making

Gothic: Medieval church architecture influences this style-characterized by pointed arches, counterbalancing
 buttresses, open tracery and vertical grandiose emphasis.

Elizabethan: Elizabeth I Reign 1558-1603 England's Renaissance interpretation.

Renaissance: Derived from Italian Renaissance style-mainly oak functional furniture with scroll & arabesque carving, etc. with horizontal emphasis. A "pendulumatic" reaction to Gothic style.

Pilgrim: Spartan utilitarian American furniture reflecting 17th C. English country styles

Jacobean: Roughly spanning James I (1602-25) & Charles I (1625-49) reigns. Restrained ornament, Moorish influence.

Louis XIII: King reigned (1589-1643), Baroque style including cherubs, cartouches, gilding, and spiral turning.

Cromwellian: Also known as Carolean era. Probably alluding to Irish influence in the era roughly surrounding Charles I.

Louis XVI: The Sun King's reign (1643-1715) noted for splendor of courts in Versailles and Paris. Marquetry inlaid furniture distinguished by opulence and grandiose size.

Baroque: Flamboyant, heavy, decorative rectilinear style derived from 17th C. Italian architecture.

Commonwealth: Unadorned style that flourished under protectorate of Oliver Cromwell (1649-60) in a revolt against aristocracy.

Restoration: Restoration of kingly Charles II 1660 to the abdication of James II 1688, walnut replaces oak, C and S scroll supports introduced. Not as restrained as the Common man style preceding.
The Restauration period  in antique French furniture was characterized by simple harmonious lines, gentle rounded forms and fine ornamentation. Light woods such as ash, elm and bird’s eye maple were used along with dark woods such is as mahogany and palissandre. The craftsmen employed veneers and inlay and the use of light wood inlay against dark wood grounds or dark wood inlays set into blond grounds, the latter of which was especially popular during the reign of Charles X. Typical decorative motifs included the swan, cornucopia, lyre, rosettes and gadrooning.

Early Colonial: With some wealth attained, carved oak Hadley chests and turned Great Chairs start making their way into American homes.

Rococo: An exuberant curvaceous style characterized by asymmetrical lines and shell, floral and foliate motifs.

William & Mary: Roughly influenced by William III reign 1689-1702, heightened English style and cabinetry introducing: domed cresting, the American highboy, lacquer work, ball & bun Spanish feet; strong Dutch influence.

Queen Anne: Reign (1702-1714) Along with Chippendale, the finest hour of English and American cabinetry. Feminine petite lines, beautiful proportioning and balance, restrained use of ornament. The cabriole leg and cyma curve are prevalent.

Regence: Transitional melding of baroque into rococo. Romantic elements supplant heroic.

Louis XV: Continuance of the rejection of weighty forms. Rococo exuberance replaces angularity in flowing curves and elaborate scrollwork. Gilded cabriole leg fauteuils are introduced.
The French Rococo Louis XV style of furniture incorporates curving lines, cabriole legs (with scroll feet) and carved details of period furniture common in the 18th century ,Carving on armoires, tables and chairs depicted delicate foliate patterns inspired by nature. The French style is much more formal than the English and many pieces were accented with decorative marquetry inlay, brass ormolu plaques, and gold details.
Paris asserted its dominance over the rest of France as a center of excellence in the design and manufacture of luxury goods as early at the 17th century. France’s other major cities copied as closely as they could the lead being set by Paris, but the craftsmen of the countryside, perhaps more influenced by factors of cost and practicality, created their own look using local materials. In antique country furniture, French Line Antiques carries armoires, benches, chests, farm tables, and tall case clocks of the late 18th-early 19th centuries from regions as diverse as Brittany, Lorraine, Bordeaux and Provence.

Chippendale: Masculinity supplants femininity in furniture. Cabinetmakers like Thomas Chippendale take lead over monarchs in design. Queen Anne form puts on a bowtie and goes rococo, mahogany rules. Oriental influence comes to shore.

Neo Classic: Inspired by continuing excavations and discoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum (begun 1738) classic Greek and Roman decorative motifs like dolphins, guilloches, lyres and urns emerge everywhere. Straight lines and swags supplant rococo curves.

Hepplewhite: Neo Classicism influences English and American design. Tapered rectilinear legs supplant the cabriole leg. George Hepplewhite's,"Cabinet Makers and Upholsterer's Guide" is published in 1788.

Louis XVI: Beginning before 1774, 18th Century French Art climaxes under King Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette and exuberant neoclassic style.

Sheraton: Thomas Sheraton's "Cabinet Maker's & Upholsterer's Drawing Book" is published 1791. Turned Corinthian column legs supplant tapered legs. Square shapes round out.

Directoire: Transitional phase from Rococo to Neo Classic. Soft painted surfaces supplant ostentatious gilt. Rectilinear columnar design replaces curves and cabriole legs.

American Federal Period: The new, emancipated country's beautiful interpretation of graceful lines and form over excessive ornament. Eagles emerge in great numbers.

Empire: Beautiful at first, then severe in treatment-especially in America-of Classical forms. Surrounded by wreaths, Napoleonic ormolu bronze mounts highlight mahogany.
The Empire period  in antique French furniture embraced what was monumental in ancient art. Dominated by Greco-Roman models, this style was spare, rectilinear and symmetrical. Mahogany was the wood of choice often with decorative bronze mounts and gray, black or white marble tops. Decorative elements characteristic of Empire included the human form, swans, winged chimeras, and sphinxes; Egyptian and Greco-Roman motifs; geometric forms, and those associated with Napoleon himself, the eagle, the bee and the initials I and N.
During the Napoleonic campaigns of the 19th century, Neo-classical furniture took on an Egyptian inspiration with classical details appearing in the form of the lyre, paw foot and acanthus motif.
In England the style is known as Regency, the Empire in France, and Biedermeier in Germany. The Biedermeier style was a slight variation on the late neo-classic style more restrained and less ornate than the English or French counterparts. Carving as well as intricate wood inlay patterns were used for decoration.
Woods were primarily rosewood and mahogany with gilt accents and brass ormolu details

Louis Philippe:The Louis-Philippe period  in antique French furniture was derived from the simple, rounded lines of the Restauration, but with very little ornamentation. Darker woods were once again preferred, including mahogany, palissandre, and walnut. Table and commode surfaces are frequently marble-topped; marbles were most often black, white or gray, sometimes with sculpted borders.

Regency: Several styles emerge in Britain based on a blending of traditional English lines with Gothic and Neo Classic influences.

Biedermeier: The great German reaction against English and French rococo style. Generally rectilinear or slightly draping lines. Beautiful woods, generally with little or no ornament. Comfort and common sense supplants ostentation.

Victorian: The machine age takes hold. Ornament and busyness supplant the weightiness of Empire in its last days. More is better.

Arts & Crafts: Rebellion against the Victorian Industrialism. Objects that appear to be made by hand are in again. In America, Gustav Stickley spearheads the Mission Oak furniture movement featuring mortise & tendon joining and rectilinear lines.

Jugendstil: Germany's brilliant Arts & Crafts and Art Nouveau movement. Strongly influenced the path toward modern art developments.

Art Nouveau: Probably born in a Parisian art shop (Samuel Bing c. 1895) the new "Moderne" kind of art and design influenced by nature, Japanese style and flowing feminine lines. A continued reaction against the Victorian era of the "machine."
French Art Nouveau furniture was produced for only a relatively short time, from 1890 until about 1920.The style is characterized by flowing, curved lines, asymmetry and natural subjects, especially flowers and plants. It was always expensive to manufacture, as its originality required an artist's vision from the designer and the highest skills from the executing cabinetmaker. Furthermore, its very sensuousness resulted in its falling into discredit as decadent when World War I reintroduced cultural regimentation. The most common forms of Art Nouveau furniture were dining and bedroom pieces; the single form displaying the widest range of the style’s application was the chair.

Art Moderne: Art Nouveau gives way to technology. NYC's Chrysler building is a standing testament.

Art Deco: Who needs humanistic/naturalistic lines and earthy tones? Chrome and plastic supplant wood. Bon Voyage, Art Nouveau. The rocket age is born and furniture, art and design are going for the ride! 
The French Art Deco furniture (1920-1925) is France’s first expression of originality in furniture design and decoration in the twentieth century. While it is characterized by a return to the straight line, its designers also experimented with new or exotic finishes and materials including metals, mother-of-pearl, ivory, wrought iron, unusual wood veneers, lacquers and plastics and by stylizations inspired by nature or the use of geometric forms in the decorative elements. The sources of influence from the past include themes and motifs from ancient Egypt, the Empire and Louis XVI periods. Proportions changed dramatically - principally through minor elongation and substantial height reduction - to accommodate, among other things, the lower ceiling heights in modern buildings